Wednesday, 11 November 2015

Module 2 - Week 8



Botanical Name: Aronia melanocarpa
Common Name: black chokeberry
Family: Rosaceae
Distribution/Origin: eastern North America
Leaf: glossy elliptic, finely toothed margins
Bud: alternate, red with scales, larger terminal buds
Flower: bisexual, clusters, white flowers with pink anthers
Fruit/Seed: pomes with 1-5 seeds per fruit, clusters of darkly colored fruit
Stem/Bark: smooth, exfoliating into tight curls with cross check diamond pattern
Size: 3-6’ height, 3-6’ spread
Habit: leggy, spreading, suckering, shrub
Form: rounded, upright, clumping
Soil Conditions: can withstand wet/waterlogged soil, prefers well drained
Moisture: medium moisture
Sun: full sun to partial shade
Exposure:
Landscape Use: hedge, shrub borders, pond edges, stream edge
Notes: fruit is edible, though apparently foul tasting. Works well for jams and jelly and is a natural source of pectin. 





Botanical Name: Callicarpa bodinieri var. giraldii ‘Profusion’
Common Name: beauty berry
Family: Lamiaceae
Distribution/Origin: China
Leaf: elliptic to ovate leaves, acuminate tips
Bud: opposite, semi round leaf scars
Flower: blooms on leaf axils of new wood, cymes of small lavender flowers
Fruit/Seed: clusters of large bright and glossy berries
Stem/Bark: grey to light brown, lightly rough
Size: 4-6’ height, 4-6’ spread
Habit: upright, slender branching
Form: round
Soil Conditions: average, well drained
Moisture: medium moisture
Sun: full sun to partial shade
Exposure:
Landscape Use: group or mass plantings, borders, under planting, accent color
Notes: while the berries are not poisonous, they are bitter in taste. Wildlife will not eat them unless there are no other available food sources.







Botanical Name: Cercis Canadensis
Common Name: eastern red bud
Family: Fabaceae
Distribution/Origin: North America, Central America
Leaf: alternate, simple, heart shaped, entire margins, thin and papery, pubescent undersides
Bud: tiny, rounded, dark red in color
Flower: showy, light to dark magenta, clusters, perfect, fascicles
Fruit/Seed: flattened, dry, brown pea like pods containing flat elliptical brown seeds (6-12)
Stem/Bark: dark in color, smooth in youth, aging into scaly fissures and ridges
Size: 20-30’ height, 20-30’ spread
Habit: irregular when young,
Form: graceful flat topped vase in maturity
Soil Conditions: average, well drained
Moisture: medium moisture
Sun: full sun to part shade
Exposure:
Landscape Use: ornamental plantings, understory tree mixed into hedgerows
Notes: the green twigs are used as seasoning for wild game such as venison and opossum in parts of the southern Appalachia (often called spicewood tree in these regions)




      Botanical Name: Crataegus laevigata ‘Paul’s Scarlet’
Common Name: hawthorn ‘Pauls Scarlet’
Family: Rosaceae
Distribution/Origin: Africa, Europe, South Asia
Leaf: lobed, simple, ovate, serrate margins, cuneate base
Bud: alternate
Flower: floriferous, corymb, pink white to crimson flowers
Fruit/Seed: red pomes, 1-2 seeds
Stem/Bark: plated, grey, thorny
Size: 4-8m height, 4-8m spread
Habit: bushy, upright, straggly
Form: dense crown, rounded, vase
Soil Conditions: well drained, rocky, gravelly
Moisture: even moisture
Sun: full sun to partial shade
Exposure:
Landscape Use: hedgerow, small garden space, wildlife food
Notes: was used as a ‘living fence’ in ancient times, the dense thorny thicket provided a barrier that was hard to penetrate. The word “hedge” is derived from “haga” which is contained in hawthorns old name, “hagathorn” literally translating to “hedgethorn”





Botanical Name: Crataegus x lavallei
Common Name: Lavelle hawthorn
Family: Rosaceae
Distribution/Origin: garden origin
Leaf: simple, pinnate venation, elliptic, ovate in shape, serrate margins
Bud: alternate, ovoid
Flower: corymb, white, unpleasant scent, yellow anthers
Fruit/Seed: pome like drupe, orange to red, up to 6 one seeded nutlets
Stem/Bark: exfoliating, plated, grey to brown, older and under bark are rust colored, sparingly thorny, u shaped leaf scar shape
Size: 7-10m height, 5-7m spread
Habit: upright, limbs twisting upwards
Form: oval to rounded, vertical
Soil Conditions: well drained, well adapted to different soil types
Moisture: moist
Sun: full sun
Exposure:
Landscape Use: accent plant, hedge row, screening
Notes: much different habit than other hawthorns, more upright than wide, branches pointed upwards with a less thorny bark.










Botanical Name: Fothergilla major
Common Name: large fothergilla, witch-alder
Family: Hamamelidaceae
Distribution/Origin: south eastern United States
Leaf: ovate to obovate, leathery surface, blue gray underside, toothed margins on upper leaf
Bud: terminal reproductive buds, axillary buds protected by off white stipule, fuzzy buds in winter
Flower: fragrant, terminal, bottle brush spikes, dense clusters showy stamens
Fruit/Seed: beaked, egg shaped 2 seeded capsule
Stem/Bark: smooth grey to brown, scaly
Size: 6-10’ height, 5-9’ spread
Habit: upright, spreading
Form: loosely rounded, irregular
Soil Conditions: average, well drained, prefers acidic organically rich
Moisture: medium
Sun: full sun to partial shade
Landscape Use: bloom time April-May, hedge, group in mass shrub borders, good to plant with Rhododendron (share same soil tolerance)
Exposure: good shade tolerance
Notes: seed capsules shrink as they dry, placing seeds under pressure. When seeds are mature, the capsule snaps open and explosively broadcasts seeds up to 15’ away, out of reach of competition
parent plant.






Botanical Name: Itea virginica ‘Little Henry’
Common Name: Virginia sweetspire
Family: Iteaceae
Distribution/Origin: south eastern North America
Leaf: dark green, leathery, elliptic to obovate, serrate margins
Bud: small, red
Flower: tiny white flowers on cylindrical drooping racemes, terminal
Fruit/Seed: dry brown capsule
Stem/Bark: smooth, scarred old growth
Size: up to 2’ height, 2-3’ spread
Habit: upright, spreading, suckering
Form: mounding
Soil Conditions: average to rich organic soils
Moisture: even moisture, can handle somewhat damp
Sun: full to partial sun
Exposure: heavy shade, erosion, heavy soils
Landscape Use: hedge, rain garden, group or mass plantings, blooms June-July
Notes: dwarf version of native plant, superior flowers, suckering habit proves useful for stabilizing eroding/loose soils.






      Botanical Name: Koelreuteria paniculata
Common Name: golden rain tree
Family: Sapindaceae
Distribution/Origin: northern China, Korea, Japan
Leaf: pinnate or bipinnate, feathery compound leaves, deeply serrated margins
Bud: stems have no terminal buds, alternate
Flower: yellow, large terminal panicles,
Fruit/Seed: 3 part inflated bladder like pod, ripens to orange to pink containing several dark brown to black seeds
Stem/Bark: single trunked or multi trunked, light brown, ridged, furrowed with age
Size: 30-40’ height, 30-40’ spread
Habit: open branching, irregularly shaped
Form: broad, dome shaped crown,
Soil Conditions: adaptable, average well drained
Moisture: dry to medium
Sun: full sun
Exposure:
Landscape Use: shade tree, street tree, flowering tree, blooms June-July
Notes: one of few trees to flower mid summer











      Botanical Name: Lindera obtusiloba
Common Name: Chinese spice bush
Family: Lauraceae
Distribution/Origin: China, Japan, Korea
Leaf: broad leaf, tri-lobed, highly variable, ovate, cordate at base, 3 veined
Bud: lance to ovate shaped, deep red, big
Flower: small, greenish yellow in color, diocieous, not showy
Fruit/Seed: red turning to black, borne on female plants only
Stem/Bark: new growth is smooth, becomes fissured and corky bark with age
Size: 10-12’ height, 10-12’ spread
Habit: rounded, multistemmed
Form: loosely round
Soil Conditions: fertile, acidic, well draining
Moisture: even moisture
Sun: partial shade
Exposure: sheltered
Landscape Use: border planting, accent plant,
Notes: male and female need to be grown for fruit to be borne on female, strongly spicy aromatic plant.










      Botanical Name: Oxydendrum arboreum
Common Name: sourwood
Family: Ericaceae
Distribution/Origin: eastern and south eastern United States
Leaf: finely toothed, glossy green
Bud: alternate, reproductive terminal buds
Flower: waxy, lily of the valley like, slender, drooping 1 sided terminal panicles
Fruit/Seed: 5 parted dry capsules, ripen to silver grey
Stem/Bark: mature bark is fissured, ridged, scaly
Size: 20-50’ height, 10-25’ spread
Habit: straight slender drunk, narrowly oblong crown
Form: loosely pyramidal in maturity, irregularly rounded in youth
Soil Conditions: acidic, organically rich, well drained
Moisture: even moisture
Sun: full sun to partial shade
Exposure: intolerant of drought, urban pollution
Landscape Use: flowering tree, shade tree, June to July bloom time
Notes: sour taste of leaves is source for common name, sourwood honey is a prized product and is a very attractive plant for bees.








Botanical Name: Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Common Name: Virginia creeper
Family: Vitaceae
Distribution/Origin: eastern central North America
Leaf: palmately compound, toothed margins
Bud: broadly conical, orange to brown scales, leaf scars round and concave
Flower: small, greenish, inconspicuous clusters, hermaphrodite
Fruit/Seed: small hard purpilish black berries
Stem/Bark: small forked tendrils tipped with adhesive pads for climbing, grey to brown
Size: up to 98’ climbing/spreading…structure determines how far it will go
Habit: spreading, covering
Form: climbing masses
Soil Conditions: well drained, fertile
Moisture: even moisture
Sun: full sun to partial or full shade
Exposure: sheltered or exposed
Landscape Use: ornamental use, walls, structures that need coverage
Notes: berries are important winter food source for birds, though mildly toxic to humans and mammals. Can possibly kill vegetation by shading it out. Was used to help children determine if a plant was poison ivy or not “leaves of 3 let it be, leaves of 5 let it thrive”.







      Botanical Name: Parthenocissus tricuspidata
Common Name: Boston ivy
Family: Vitaceae
Distribution/Origin: Asia
Leaf: simple, palmately lobed, 3 tips, compound
Bud: winter buds have scales that overlap, alternate
Flower: green, borne in clusters, insignificant
Fruit/Seed: fleshy clusters of berries
Stem/Bark: thin, smooth, grey to brown, tendrils with pad like suction cups
Size: up to 59’ height, spreading, climbing
Habit: climbing, will adapt to surface it is climbing, vigorous grower
Form: liana
Soil Conditions: well drained, adapted to variety of soil types
Moisture: moist
Sun: full sun to shade
Exposure: sheltered or exposed
Landscape Use: dappled shade, groundcover, masonary structures, blooms early to late spring
Notes: secretes calcium carbonate, which serves as an adhesive pad and gives it the ability to attach itself to a wall without requiring additional support.








      Botanical Name: Pyracantha coccinea
Common Name: firethorn
Family: Rosaceae
Distribution/Origin: southern Europe to western Asia
Leaf: evergreen, dense, lanceolate to elliptical, lightly serrated margins
Bud: alternate, short spur shoots
Flower: white, flat topped, somewhat malodorous
Fruit/Seed: orange red to yellow in color, clusters of pommes, mealy and soft with many seeds
Stem/Bark: brown, rough, not usually noticed due to dense foliage and low branching, spines
Size: up to 12’ height and 12’ spread
Habit: spreading horizontally, multi trunked
Form: rounded to vase
Soil Conditions: well drained, adaptable to wide variety of soil types, very hardy
Moisture: even moisture
Sun: full sun to partial shade
Exposure: can tolerate atmospheric pollution and strong winds
Landscape Use: shrub plantings, hedges, flowers spring to mid summer, can be trained against walls and fences, dappled shaded areas
Notes: has been cultivated in gardens since the late 16th century. Was used to cover unsightly walls in England.








      Botanical Name: Pyrus calleriana
Common Name: Callery pear
Family: Rosaceae
Distribution/Origin: China, Vietnam
Leaf: oval, long, glossy dark green surfaces, pale green undersides, simple
Bud: large fuzzy grey terminal buds on spur shoots and branch tips
Flower: dense corymbs of white
Fruit/Seed: small inedible greenish yellow fruits with no practical value or ornamental interest
Stem/Bark: thorns usually present, grey and fissuring with age
Size: 25-35’ height, 13-16’ spread
Habit: upright branching, rapid growth rate
Form: conic to rounded crown, oval to pyramidal
Soil Conditions: humusy, well drained
Moisture: dry to medium, prefers consistent moisture
Sun: full sun
Exposure: tolerates drought, heavy soils, pollution. Poor branching habit makes it vulnerable to shearing in high winds.
Landscape Use: April bloom time, street tree, flowering tree, spring interest, bird habitat, smaller spaces
Notes: fruit is readily consumed by birds who disperse the seed in their droppings. The wood is prized for making woodwind instruments as it has one of the finest textures of fruit woods.







 
      Botanical Name: Sorbus ‘Joseph Rock’
Common Name: mountain ash
Family: Rosaceae
Distribution/Origin: Europe, Asia
Leaf: oddly pinnate compound leaves, toothed margins
Bud: alternate
Flower: sour scented creamy clusters, unpleasant scent
Fruit/Seed: clusters of yellow pommes
Stem/Bark: twigs are lenticeled, bark becomes fissured, grey
Size: up to 15’ height, up to 6’ spread
Habit: irregular branching habit
Form: small tree with rounded head, oval
Soil Conditions: fertile rich humusy soils, well drained
Moisture: consistent moisture
Sun: full sun to partial shade
Exposure: sheltered or exposed, tolerant of atmospheric pollution
Landscape Use: garden accent, bird habitat, focal point
Notes: tough and flexible wood common for woodworking.









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      Botanical Name: Sorbus aria
Common Name: white beam
Family: Rosaceae
Distribution/Origin: Europe
Leaf: simple or pinnate, compound, thick, irregularly toothed margins, undersides are pubsecent and silvery, leaf surfaces green
Bud: alternate, densely hairy at first, large terminal buds, thick, ovoid and red to brown in color
Flower: hermaphrodite, white, clustered, simple with 5 petals
Fruit/Seed: scarlet clusters of pomes, attractive to birds
Stem/Bark: smooth grey in youth, develops deep fissures with age, round cross section
Size: up to 39’ height, by 26’ spread
Habit: upright, compactly oval, short trunk, minimal branching
Form: dense leaf canopy despite lack of branches
Soil Conditions: well drained, thrives in alkaline, loamy to sandy
Moisture: dry to moist, average
Sun: full sun to partial shade
Exposure:
Landscape Use: flowers May to June, windbreak, suitable for parks and gardens, foliage has a lovely look in the wind with the silver leaf undersides.
Notes: Tough hard wood is a deep orange when wet; favored for wood turning, furniture making, and cogs before the use of iron.








      Botanical Name: Sorbus aucuparia
Common Name: rowan, mountain ash
Family: Rosaceae
Distribution/Origin: Europe, Asia, North Africa
Leaf: compound, pinnate, flat, medium green in color, serrate oblong leaflets
Bud: flossy to felted hairs that disappear with age, covering dark brown to black bud scales, oval and pointed. Terminal buds are smaller than axillary buds. Axillary buds are narrow and pointed, often curved towards twig
Flower: flattened corymbs, white, clustered, small with 5 petals
Fruit/Seed: pendant clusters of orange to red berry like drupes
Stem/Bark: slender trunk with smooth bark, becomes grey to black with lengthwise cracks with age
Size: 20-40' height, 8-20' spread
Habit: upright, round to oval crown
Form: loose, irregular, opens with age
Soil Conditions: acidic, well drained, can grow in heavy soils
Moisture: evenly moist
Sun: full sun
Exposure: cannot tolerate road salt, caution when using as street tree
Landscape Use: blooms in May, ornamental, bird attractant, shade tree
Notes:name translates from Sorbus "service tree" aucuparia derived from "avis" for "birds" and "capere" for catching, meant to describe using the fruit of this Sorbus for fowling. All parts of plant contain tannin and can be used for black dye.






      Botanical Name: Sorbus hupehensis ‘Pink Pagoda’
Common Name: pink pagoda mountain ash
Family: Rosaceae
Distribution/Origin:
Leaf: green with paler green undersides, pinnately compound, narrow-ovate in shape, acute apex, serrated margins
Bud: red to brown, alternate, slight scales, ovoid in shape, leaf scar is crescent shaped
Flower: 5 petaled, white, 20 pale yellow stamens, produced in corymbs
Fruit/Seed: pome with bright pink persistent sepals, "meaty" fragrance which flies adore
Stem/Bark: grey-brown purplish in color, slender branches and shoots, prominent lenticils, older bark is rough in texture
Size: 15-20' height, 20-30' spread
Habit: spreading, upright
Form: narrow and irregular in youth, rounded with age
Soil Conditions: well drained, humus rich
Moisture: even moisture
Sun: full sun to dappled shade
Exposure: will grow in exposed areas
Landscape Use: ornamental use, good habitat for birds, blooms mid spring to early summer, shade tree, street tree, winter interest, spring interest
Notes: developed by the University of British Columbia!






      Botanical Name: Stewartia pseudocamellia
Common Name: Japanese stewartia
Family: Theacaeae
Distribution/Origin: Japan
Leaf: broad, elliptical shape, finely serrated margins
Bud: flattened, divergent buds, alternate
Flower: 5 white petals, orange anthers, round to flat and somewhat cupped, flowers are short lived, repeat blooms for blooming period
Fruit/Seed: brown pointed capsule, persistent
Stem/Bark: multiple stems, low branching trunks, smooth textured, exfoliating with age, mottled appearance with shades of orange, green, grey mixed in
Size: 12-40' height, 8-25' spread
Habit: slow growing, multistemmed, when grown with single leader becomes tall, multiple leaders makes it grow wider and shorter 
Form: pyramidial to rounded in shape
Soil Conditions: organically rich, acidic, well drained
Moisture: evenly moist
Sun: full sun to partial shade
Exposure: shelter from hot afternoon sun
Landscape Use: blooms from June-July, great fall color, bark provides good winter interest, borders, lawns, woodland gardens
Notes: in Japan it is called "nogaknamu" which translates to "over ripe cucumber tree"





      Botanical Name: Vitis coignetiae
Common Name: crimson glory vine
Family: Vitaceae
Distribution/Origin: Asia, eastern Russia
Leaf: simple, orbicular, toothed margins and deep petiole, tri-lobed, dimpled texture
Bud:
Flower: hermaphrodite, insignificant, green in color, scented
Fruit/Seed: clusters of small blackish berries and large purple seeds
Stem/Bark: climbs with tendrils, reddish brown
Size: up to 65' height, up to 65' spread
Habit: spreading
Form: climbing, dense cover
Soil Conditions: fertile, average, deep, well drained
Moisture: even moisture, can withstand some dryness  
Sun: full sun to partial shade
Exposure:
Landscape Use: ground cover, ornamental plant, covering arbors, walls, woodland garden, blooms June to July, brilliant fall color (autumn interest)
Notes: used to produce wine in Korea and Japan, which are bitter in taste but softened with sugars










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